नेपाल को भौगोलीक अवस्था (geography of Nepal)

सुब्बा तयारी दोस्रो पत्र 

Subba 2nd paper preparation in English 1.write briefly about water resources of Nepal .

Water resources are source of water that are potentially useful for multidimensional purpose including agriculture ,industrial ,household ,recreational and environment activities .

Despite being a landlocked country , Nepal is rich in water resources . 

Regarding water resources , Nepal is the richest country in the Asia , while 2nd richest country all over the world .

More than 6000 rivers of Nepal has a water storage of 1 lakh 48 thousand million cubic meter which is 74% of total water storage of country .

83000 MW hydro electric potential .

Irrigation facility to 80 lakh hectare ,water supply to all nepalese ,water transport ,Pisciculture ,tourism are potentials.

Rivers according to size and water storage are classified into 3:1st grade,2nd grade &3rd grade river .

Water resources are two types above land and under lan 

More than 1000 rivers 11km + more than 100 rivers 160      

2 lakh 2 thausand million cubic meter : overall potential of rivers 

5358 lakes 

2. write briefly about lakes and pounds of Nepal 

  Lakes are the water resources spreaded at different elevation as well as along entire east-west longitudinal range 

Lakes and ponds are the second important water resources of Nepal after rivers .

Regarding geographical diversity of the country , Nepal is rich in lakes and pounds .

There are 5358 lakes in Nepal .

Lakes and ponds of Nepal have religious ,social ,economic and environmental importance.

They can be classified 

glaial lakes 

the lakes of Himalayan region made by the moraine flown from glaciers are known as Himalayan lake .

Glaciers never dry . Due to extreme cold in winter ,many himalyan lakes are seen with ice too .

Rara , phoksundo ,tilicho , gosaikunda ,chorolpa are the main lakes of Nepal .

Tilicho lakes is the lake in the highest altitude of world situating at 4919 m and rara is the biggest lake in Nepal .

The scenari around these lakes in very beautiful.

Gosaikunda , rara lake phoksundo lake are enlisted in ramsar too.

B. Tectonic and Ox-bow lake :

The natural lake formed in hills , terai and valley due to geographical change ,rivers etc is called tectonic and ox-bow lake .

These  lakes are very usefull for drinking water ,irrigation , conservation of bio-diversity and for enjoyment .

These lakes have maintained wetland ecosystem too.

Fewa lake ,begnas lake ,rupa lake ,bishajari lake ,jagdispur lake ,ghodaghodi lake ,madi pokhari  are the major tetonic and ox-bow lake .

Bishajari lake , jagdispur lake ,ghodaghodi lake , mai pokhari  are enlisted in ramsar .

C.Human mande (artificial) lakes:

The human made lakes for irrigation ,hydroelectricity  production , enjoyment , pisciculture are artificial lakes and pounds .

These lakes and ponds are suppliedby main or small rivers water or by artificial means.

Indrasarobar , dhanushsagar , kamalpokhari , ranipokhari ,siddha pokhari are some human made lakes and ponds .

Q.N. In how many ways Nepal is classified according to current , water storage , utilization origin , permanency of river ?

Ans: 3 grades 

First grade rivers : the rivers which have their origin in the Himalayan and carry snowfled flows with significant discharges even in the dry seasons are first grade rivers .

Rivers like saptakoshi , saptagandaki ,and karnali are 1s grade rivers .

These rivers are perennial and have tremendous potential as a source of irrigation and hydropower development .

These rivers never dry up (perennial and sustain flow during the dry seasons )

These rivers are important in economic , religious and cultural point of view .

Second grade rivers: these rivers too are perennial but are commonly characterized by a wide wide seasonal fluctuation in discharge , second grade rivers are those who have their origin in mahabharat range and are fed by precipitation as well as ground water regeneration and never dry but the amount of water vastly decrease in winter while increase in summer .

Flow affected by both monsoon percipation and ground water .

Mechi , kankai , trijunga  , kamala , bagmati , badganga , tinau , rapti . babai , mohana river are 2nd grade rivers .

Contribution from ground water yield maintain the minimum flow level and prevent from drying during non-monsoon period .

They are not reliable as 1st grade rivers as their water amount fluctuate . 

They are useful for small hydropower and irrigation project .

Third grade rivers : these rivers are seasonal with little flow during the dry season which renders them unsuitable for years round irrigation or hydropower .these rivers have their origination in ssiwalik zone hills or chure range and increase enormously in monsoon and in winter very low or the river may dry .